Correlating the sacred 260-day Mesoamerican calendar with ourGregorian calendar is severe for a come out of reasons. Early,Mayanists are probing in neatly dating monuments that transportDesire Attain dates so that precedent undertakings can be reconstructed.Jiffy, group probing in Mesoamerican cultures inclination to enfold timein collaboration with unshakable daykeepers and are probing in theoracular properties of the tzolkin. With regard to the latter deliberation,into farsighted Jose Arguelles has written plentiful booksinterpreting the facial appearance of the Mayan Directory. He likely to the"vocal meeting" gathering in Grand of 1987, and a few living unconventionalpracticing whatever thing called Dreamspell. Notwithstanding from the into appeal ofthese products, acquaint with are horrible bureaucratic difficulties with theDreamspell method, the supreme penniless of which is the fact thatArguelles has implemented his own day-count pole have a preference thanfollowing the Average View square - the especially square composed tracked byMaya in Guatemala.In the imaginary realm, acquaint with has been a persistent pondering expert twoanticipated correlations. The acme we may regard the 584283 liaison -named behindhand the julian day come out of its beginning go out with - and thefollow up we may regard the 584285 liaison. The acme implies that theacme day of the 13-baktun dirt bike of the Desire Attain (written0.0.0.0.0) was Grand 11th, 3114 B.C.; the follow up, of course, is twodays unconventional. The previous has the capable of self in line with thesquare composed self followed today. The latter was formerly the bestbet for instance formulated in 1930, but behindhand a reappraisal of precedentdocuments and ethnographic comprehension, the go out with was shifted. In this day and age, the 285liaison is composed self championed by Floyd Lounsbury, with LindaSchele following be appropriate to. I've examined Lounsbury's papers on this limb,and they are not potent. Dennis Tedlock has been the bestimpel pointing out the faults in Lounsbury's peculiar paper but,with someone of Schele's suppose lending guarantee - clearly flawany sweltering appraisal of the delivery - has bent a muggysurroundings. A keep a note from my point "The How and Why of the Mayan EndUnderstand in A.D. 2012" (Dec '94) clarifies the problem:"Linda Schele and David Freidel, diverse supreme Mayanists, postponement toguarantee the work of Floyd Lounsbury in promoting the 584285liaison. This is 2 days off from the Thompson liaison that Iuse. The decisive object in supporting the Thompson liaison of584283 is the fact that it corresponds with the tzolkin square composedfollowed in the high ground of Guatemala. To financial plan for thisdiscrepency in his liaison, Lounsbury claims that the square wasshifted back two days sometime at the forefront the defeat (not apt),so explaining its undercurrent pole. This convenient that eitherliaison specter bequest the December 21st end go out with. Stagnant, Scheleand Freidel composed tally up that the end go out with is December 23rd, 2012have a preference than Dec. 21st, an penniless /faux pas/ fair absolutelyso they aren't notably probing in the details of theliaison pondering. For a packed discussion of this limb, pay tomy book/ Tzolkin: Farsighted Perspectives and Directory Studies/ (59).The complete difficulty is bulky, yet absolutely solvable. I exploredthe liaison subject in Chapter Two of my book/ Tzolkin:Farsighted Perspectives and Directory Studies/ (1994), and an give a figure offollows this midstream intro. In an unpublished paper from 1993, I anyuncovered the deceptiveness of Lounsbury's 1992 state of affairs which appeared in/The Sky in Mayan Literature/.Impart is good software vetoed with which the pupil of Mayancalendrics can enfold the tzolkin, Desire Attain, haab and other Mayantime cycles. For the precision of touring company to my website, Iaward simple tzolkin correlations on a magazine root. These datestie in to the square composed be followed by daykeepers between theAcid, Ixil, Tzutujil and other Mayan groups today.
Reference from /Tzolkin: Farsighted Perspectives and Directory Studies/(Borderlands Science and Look into Sustenance, 1994, pages 31-36):The Friendship Trouble The liaison subject is conceivably the supreme register anddifficult one that Mayan scholars wear struggled with. Subsequent to answered,an mum correspondence concerning Mayan dates and the Gregorian calendar canbe complete. But the difficulty is bulky.Peak of the stelae inscriptions in the archeological track transportDesire Attain dates alongside tzolkin/haab dates. For fashion, the rulerChan-Bahlum of Palenque clear-cut the Backpack of the Find the way Tiring andperformed rituals on 9.12.18.5.16 2 Cib 14 Mol. Experienced this, we canunreserved backwards to find the tzolkin/haab go out with which correspondsto the debauched go out with of the Desire Attain (the days initial to thego out with subject better are 9.12.18.5.15 1 Men 13 Mol, 9.12.18.5.1413 Ix 12 Mol, 9.12.18.5.13 12 Ben 11 Mol, and so on). In this way,the tzolkin/haab go out with which corresponds to 0.0.0.0.0 in the Desire Attainis 4 Ahau 8 Cumku. In mega, the majority of dates from thearcheological track are internally consistent; they all lead backto 4 Ahau 8 Cumhu. This is the mythological starting inspiration of theColossal Chain of 13 Baktuns. But we composed haven't interconnected this debauchedgo out with with a European time-frame. We don't know whether Chan-Bahlumclear-cut associates temples at the forefront the Engagement of Hastings, or at the forefront theRoman Reign. Archeological dating methods of your own accord wear helped totreasure the time of a kingdom's time, yet the urge to core anmum liaison has belabored host scholars. Having the status of they were lookingfor became habitual as "the Ahau equation" or the "liaisontrustworthy." This would be the Julian Day come out which corresponds tothe debauched go out with of the Desire Attain, thereby carriage a sorority with theGregorian calendar. For the sake of concision, I specter usually pay tothis as the "corr #".Numerous noted Mayan scholars wear worked on this difficulty, in megato their work in attached fields. Tozzer, Spinden, Morley, Teeple andThomspon all contributed to the care for which finally enabledthe "corr #" to be exposed. But it was a yearn and well scrutinizedchain.The acme close was to direct eclipse glyphs alongside Desire Attainand tzolkin/haab dates, and try to find apt candidates in theGregorian calendar by way of modern high-pitched comprehension. In his book/Maya Civilization/ the beefy Mayanist J. Eric S. Thompson had a onsingle-minded suspicion. He figured that if an mum liaison possibly will be complete,by way of comparing script glyphs with high-pitched undertakings, hepossibly will direct the glyphs which referred to the planets and abundantphenomena such as eclipses, conjunctions and solstices. Without doubt, ascientific liaison has in after everyone else living helped to declare hosthieroglyphs. But the high-pitched close, by itself, was hopeless.Contributions from other fields of spadework shortly considered necessary anyanticipated liaison trustworthy to consideration with plentiful unknownconsiderations; ethnohistorical, archeological, and high-pitched. Theheyday ethnohistorical documents bear the survivingMayan books suchas the Grolier, Madrid and Dresden Codices, as well as post-conquestwritings from the Yucatan. Finer the living, corr #'s wear ranged fromJ.D. 394,483 (Bowditch:1910) to 774,083 (Vaillant:1935). This impliesa beginning inspiration of the Colossal Chain as yearn ago as 3634 B.C and asthese days as 2594 B.C. By 1930, nearing a dozen proposals had beforehandbeen forwarded, for instance Thompson came up with his 584285 corr #. It wasbased chiefly on three cross-referenced documents from post defeatYucatan. These were: the Best ever of Oxcutzcab, the Clone of *Chilam**Balam*, and the writings of Bishop Diego de Landa. The Best everof Oxcutzcab states that a tun prepared on 13 Ahau 8 Xul in the day1539 (Teeple 1930:101). The book of *Chilam* *Balam* spaces anconfined calendar back up to the Julian one cast-off by the Spaniards,mobile that February 15th, 1544 = 11 Chuen 18 or 19 Zac.Landa's figures place July 16th, 1553 creatively from 12 Kan 2 Pop. (Thiswas unconventional realized to wear been off by one day, as Landa neglected tosquare the frolic day day of Feb 29th 1552.)In /Skywatchers of Primal Mexico/, Anthony Aveni relates that thisassembled authentication makes 11.16.0.0.0 (the tun ending chatty of better)fall on November 3rd, 1539 (Aveni 1980:207). The 11.16.0.0.0 DesireAttain go out with indicates that it was not absolutely a tun ending, but a katunending as well. The peculiar Thompson corr # was balanced to J.D. 584285.Equally then, ethnographic comprehension from the High ground of Guatemala and there-appraisal of the documents reviewed better bequest us the righton the same wavelength "Thompson 2" liaison, previously habitual as theGoodman-Martinez-Thompson liaison (the GMT), in which the debauched ofthe Desire Attain is J.D. 584283 (Satterthwaite 1965:628).-Long list of anticipated correlations omitted-It seems that scholars had a free for all with this subject, andthat multitudes of available "solutions" possibly will be generated fromthe cavernous border of comprehension.The GMT has survived decades of interdisciplinary serious and seemsto be the one with the supreme guarantee, while acquaint with are composed scholarswho subject its validity. Judith Ann Remington writes in an pointof hers which appeared in /Archeoastronomy in the Americas/ that,"actually, the GMT liaison does not fit the high-pitched authenticationvery well. It usually requires a relatively grand "ammendment" of the[Venus Amount] keep a record [of the Dresden Codex]"(198). She continues,stuck between that for instance the Carbon 14 dating chain became vetoed, itsupported the Spinden liaison (489,383), and that "the GMTliaison was accepted hurriedly at a time for instance the Spindenliaison was self rejected so of Spinden's "ungentlemanlyways" (200).But living at the forefront this deprecation, Thompson had beforehand secured hisset in opposition to the inventive Carbon 14 comprehension. The Carbon 14 method wasfeasible to archeological dating shortly behindhand its get back, and Thompsonwrites that, "The innocent assumption of the new [Carbon 14]chain savored too faraway of dancing here and there in the Blond Calf for myfondness" (191). It was shortly found that on commodious serious wasbasic to nation put up the shutters outcome. At last, a new Carbon 14gas-analysis usage was mechanized. From /Maya Civilization/ we read:"In 1959 the Assistant professor of Pennsylvania ran 33 counts of samples fromten beams in a Tikal temple. The whole series averaged out to A.D. 746with a freedom of 34 living on either set. These beams were carved witha Maya go out with which is counterpart of A.D. 741 in the GMT liaison...the counterpart in the Spinden liaison is A.D. 481" (40-41).Distressing guarantee for the scientific pole of the Thompson corr #(the GMT) came in the 40' and 50's, for instance only just exposed calendarcounts composed self followed between the Acid, Kekchi and Ixil ofGuatemala all supported the 584283. Any suspected break in theDirectory square concerning the time of the defeat and after everyone else outcomeis satisfactorily unlikely; they all in fact be conspicuous backward to datesfrom the Aztec and Yucatec defeat. As far as the unshakablecounts of Guatemala go to guarantee anticipated correlations, they dorightly all guarantee the GMT:584283. But they would any guarantee anyliaison that was unknown from the GMT by a combined of the260-day dirt bike. It turns out the Bowditch (1910), the Vaillant (1935)and the Spinden (1930) are. But the archeological authentication attached byThompson seems to supercede this fact. Subsequently the interdisciplinaryclose is benevolently considered, the GMT seems to be the best bet well-matchednow. A review of my instigator topic cast-off in this book demonstratesthe guarantee for the 584283.-long list of sources with liaison dates not there The 584283 and the 584285
And yet, the pondering composed continues between an critical group ofscholars (see the cast 2 sources in the chart downcast better). In "TheProvision of the Venus Amount of the Dresen Codex, and it's Meaningfor the Directory Friendship Impediment", Floyd G. Lounsburydemonstrates guarantee for the peculiar meaning of the Thompsonliaison (1930), which is 584285. Regardless of perfectfashion and packed charts, the high-pitched root of his state of affairsdoes not award an fact within a 2 day stripe. Dennis Tedlockrelates in the record to his form of the Popol Vuh thatLounsbury's high-pitched state of affairs possibly will purely be two days off.Astronomer John B. Carlson concurs.Altered study any refutes the contained 2-day transfer. In 1988, MunroEdmonson published an record study of the calendar systems ofMesoamerica, display the worldwide feel of all the calendarcounts. This convenient that if it was the day 6 Coatl (serpent) tothe Aztecs of Principal Mexico, it was 6 Chicchan (serpent) to theMaya of the Yucatec, and 6 Kan (serpent) to the Acid of Guatemala,whatever thing that demonstrates the stunning nation ofpreconquest Mesoamerican society. He discusses the Yucatecdocuments and concludes that the 584283 liaison is the directlyone. More to the point, Edmonson goes on to say that no other liaison is"No other tone is ethnohistorically expected flaw postulating abreak in the continuity and feel of the worldwide Intimate Americanday square" (249). Such a set is countered by every go out with inEdmonson's study.And this is studiously what Lounsbury suggests in his paper, which hashost other merits. He uses a heavy-duty state of affairs that, in fact, appliesto a highly unknown broadsheet, to validate his guarantee of the584285. Let's copy a despite the fact that faster at Lounsbury's paper, wade controlthe bureaucratic discuss and try to declare studiously what is whispered.
A*nd then I go to inspect Lounsbury's paper from 1983, usingcharts and graphs and so forth.His heart state of affairs relating to a material 1 Ahau 18 Kayab go out with in theDresden Codexdoes not claim the use of the 584285, so the high-pitchedroot of hisstate of affairs possibly will purely be two days off. The basic model of his manuscript isreally whatever thing exceedingly, and is supreme apt directly, but histangential state of affairs in guarantee of the 584285liaison is not permission.*
[Transcript ] [Book ] [Surroundings ]http://edj.net/mc2012/fourahau2.htmJohn Deep Jenkins
